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Setting & Driving Tips for Z-Profile Sheet Piling

Hammer & Steel Setting and Driving Tips

Improper setting and driving practices result in problems and costs that far out-weigh the initial expense of applying correct methods from the start. Although setting and driving techniques may vary according to the site conditions and/or the contractor's level of experience, several basic principles can be applied.

Use an adequate template

The utilization of an adequate steel template will facilitate the installation process and result in a superior end product. The purpose of the template is to both properly align the sheets during the setting process as well as to keep the sheets in alignment during the driving phase. Since a typical sheet weighs one ton or more, the template obviously needs to be of rugged construction. Also, bear in mind that the template will normally be used and moved multiple times at the job site; this is another reason for a well-designed and solidly constructed template.

Mark the template

To maintain the published laying width of the sheeting, it is very important to mark the template for each sheet, or pair of sheets. By following this procedure, the contractor can observe if the line being set is gaining or losing wall length. This procedure is important for installations such as: cofferdams, which must be closed; or anchored bulkheads, where tie-rod locations are critical. Depending upon the length of the sheets, the template might be one, or two - or more - tiers high. In order to maintain a plumb wall when driving sheets in excess of 50 feet (15 meters), a two-tier template is always suggested as a minimum.

Set a panel of piling

The length of the panel will vary depending upon site conditions, the contractor's experience, and other factors. In general, you might expect a panel length of 25 to 45 feet (8 to 14 meters). As each sheet, or pair of sheets, is set, the sheets may be rotated as necessary in the interlock (as shown below) in order to match the marks on the template.

Hammer & Steel Setting and Driving Tips

Set and drive with the ball-end leading

When the piles are set and driven with socket-end leading, the socket becomes clogged with soil and the ball must force the soil out of the opening. In some types of soils, such as very fine and dense sand, the resistance of the soil in the socket can be such that driving becomes impossible without damaging the sheets. Under such conditions - particularly with a vibratory hammer - it is possible to actually weld interlocks together.

If for some reason, the sheets must be driven with the socket-end leading, such is the case when using an interlock sealant like WADIT, then place a bolt or some object in the socket at the bottom end to at least minimize clogging.

Keep the sheets plumb

It's of utmost importance that, as each pair is set, the sheets are plumb and secured before the next pair is set. Once the wall is allowed to get out of vertical alignment, the mistake will only get worse; and at some point the contractor will simply have to quit, extract the out of plumb sheets, and start over. The most important tool of the pile driving crew is a long level: 3 feet (1 meter) or more in length.

Hammer & Steel Setting and Driving Tips

Drive the panel of sheets in stages

Piles driven full length in one operation are more prone to deflect and go off line. This is particularly true when the soil contains debris, boulders, or other obstructions. Subsequent piles are guided by the deflected section; and within a short length of wall, pile driving comes to a halt. The sheeting must then be pulled, and the wall has to be restarted. The preferred process to minimize, if not eliminate, this problem is to first set a panel of sheets and then work the panel down as a unit. This is accomplished by driving the sheets (singles or paired), in increments using a defined sequence. The magnitude of the increment will be determined by the soil conditions. In general, the harder the driving, the less the driving increment - perhaps 6 feet (2 meters) in easy driving, versus 3 feet (1 meter), or less, in denser soil. Panel driving allows the piles to be guided by previously driven piles, and it lessens the possibility of driving the piles out of interlock. During this phase, as during the setting process, it's important that constant attention be paid to maintaining a plumb wall. Any deviations from being plumb that are detected should be quickly corrected before things get out of hand.

Driving is ideally, and normally, accomplished by driving pairs. However, if driving becomes difficult due to obstructions or pockets of dense soil, simply drop back and drive single sheets. This is another advantage of not crimping or welding pairs.

Avoid splicing if possible

Randomly selecting Z-piles to splice could result in attempting to splice two cross sections together that do not match. This results in added time and costs. If splicing is required, then the sheets should be ordered full length from the production mill. They should be cut and match-marked at the site. These sections can then be spliced back together to reconstruct the original sheet. This procedure reduces the mismatching of cross sections and improves section geometry match. In order to avoid creating a plane of weakness in the wall, the splices on adjacent sheets must be staggered by a minimum of 3 feet (1 meter) or more, if feasible. When splicing the pile, it's impossible to weld in the interlocks due to both the difficulty of welding in this area and the distortion caused by the heat from the welding. If full section modulus is required at the splice, it will be necessary to provide flange plates to make up for the loss of section modulus in the interlocks. Normal practice allows for a combination of butt-welding of the flanges and web, along with the addition of flange plates by fillet welding. Light "seal" welds around the perimeter of the interlocks will prevent the flow of water and soil through the splice.


Hammer & Steel Setting and Driving Tips

Setting and Driving Tips for PS Flat Sheets in Closed Cells

Although setting and driving techniques vary with the individual contractor and site conditions, several basic principles can generally be applied. It should be realized that the lack of good setting and driving practices can result in job delays and an unsatisfactory structure. The following suggestions are offered to help avoid problems at the site:

 

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